Monday 11 February 2013
"Sono pronto ad andare ovunque; purché si vada avanti"
(David Livingstone)
(I am prepared to go anywhere,
provided it be forward.)
"... per chi desidera arrivare alla fine della carta del Sud America e iniziare un'avventura."
“... for whomsoever wishes to reach the end of the South American map and begin a new adventure.”
Quando le prime spedizioni europee giunsero in queste terre, esse erano già abitate da quattro gruppi etnici: Shelk'nam (Ona, come li chiamavano gli Yàmana); Yàmana (o Yahgan, come li chiamò il Rev. Thomas Bridges alla fine del sec. XIX o Yagan, come sono chiamati i loro discendenti); Kaweskar (Alakaluf, come li chiamavano gli Yàmana); Manekenk (o Haush, come li chiamavano gli Shelk'nam ).
In questo periodo nacquero e si divulgarono leggende e miti, dovuti ai due differenti punti di vista.
Il Museo Yàmana racconta la storia di questi gruppi, di come si estinsero e come vennero dimenticati. Tutte le immagini e informazioni qui riportate, sono tratte dai diversi pannelli illustrativi del percorso espositivo.
When the first
European expeditions reached these lands, they were already inhabited by four
different ethnic groups: Selk’nam (Ona, as they were called by the Yámana);
Yámana (or Yahgan, as they were called by the Rev. Thomas Bridges at the end of
the 19th century, or Yaghan, as their descendants are known); Kaweskar (or as
the Yámana call them, Alakaluf); Manekenk (or Haush, as they were called by the
Selk’nam).
During this period
myths and legends arose and were spread, emerging from the two prevailing
points of view.
The Museo Yámana relates the
history of these groups and tells how they vanished and were forgotten. All the
images and facts presented here are taken from the various illustrative panels
along the exhibition itinerary.
I popoli della Terra del Fuoco (FUEGUINOS)
The peoples of Tierra del Fuego (Fueguinos)
Gli YAMANA che abitavano nell'area oggi corrispondente a Ushuaia, (e baie limitrofe) erano nomadi del mare (canoeros) come i KAWESQAR o Alacalufes, che vivevano più a nord.
Costruivano in due o tre ore una choza (capanna) per la famiglia, tenevano sempre acceso al centro un fuoco, che usavano per cucinare e riscaldarsi, dormivano sulla nuda terra. Potevano stare fino a venti per capanna, assieme ai cani. Quando il cibo che si procuravano in zona, cacciando leoni marini e pescando molluschi, finiva si trasferivano altrove, e altri potevano occupare l'abitazione.
The Yámana who
lived in the area corresponding to present-day Ushuaia (and the neighboring bays) were nomads of
the waterways (canoeros), as were the Kawesqar or
Alacalufes, who lived further north. A choza
(hut) for a family was built in just two or three hours. A fire was always kept burning at the
center, for cooking and warmth, and they slept on the bare ground. As many as twenty might live in one
hut, along with their dogs. When they had depleted the local food sources,
hunting sea lions and gathering shellfish, they moved elsewhere, and others
might occupy the huts.
This is one of the two types
of Yámana hut, the more flexible boveda, which was used in the forested regions where it rained a great deal;
the other type was conical, built with stronger tree trunks and
branches, and was used in the drier regions. Both types were covered with twigs, leaves, animal skins, etc., and were built close to
shore. Any uneaten food was tossed
outside the hut, eventually forming mounds (conchales), thanks to which
researchers today can precisely locate where every choza stood.
Gli SELK'NAM (come li chiamavano i Tehuelches) o Ona (come li chiamavano gli Yagan) erano originari del settore nord della Isola Grande della Terra del Fuoco. Erano nomadi terrestri, cacciatori e raccoglitori. Gli uomini erano forti, muscolosi, con spalle grandi, molto agili e alti (1,80 m.), le donne più basse e grasse; a Ferdinando Magellano che li scorse (1520) dalla sua imbarcazione nello Stretto, parvero giganteschi.
Erano stretti parenti dei TEHUELCHES che abitavano la Patagonia a nord dello Stretto di Magellano, la cui lingua e costumi erano simili; insieme agli HAUSH, loro stretti consanguinei, furono i primi uomini che popolarono il territorio fueghino. Gli Haush vivevano nel sud est della Terra del Fuoco (Penisola Mitre). I primi contatti fra fra Selk'nam e uomini bianchi si debbono a Pedro Sarmiento di Gamboa, nel 1580.
Successivamente i contatti furono sporadici fino all'ultimo decennio del secolo XIX, quando i colonizzatori bianchi costrinsero questi cacciatori nomadi in riserve recintate. Molti ruppero i recinti e cacciarono le pecore dei bianchi, che per loro erano "guanaco chico" (piccoli guanaco) che avevano mangiato. Fu un genocidio, a causa anche di malattie contagiose (tubercolosi, morbillo, ec.). Nel 1881 erano circa 4000 - 5000 individui.
Alla base della organizzazione sociale dei Selk'nam c'era la famiglia (padre, madre e figli), ma anche i parenti dello stesso territorio (haruwenh, da haruwen = nostra terra, nostra patria).
Ogni territorio era ben delimitato, e più territori appartenevano ad un "clan" (dai 40 ai 120 membri) che aveva la propria area di caccia. Le donne potevano sposare uomini di altri clan.
Ogni territorio serviva per la sopravvivenza delle famiglie e veniva compartito solo in occasioni speciali come matrimoni, penuria di alimenti o la celebrazione dello h'ain, che era l'iniziazione dei giovani maschi (diciotto anni ca.), ai quali gli anziani rivelavano i segreti dell'ordine patriarcale.
The Selk'nam (as they were called by the Tehuelches) or
Ona (as the Yahgans called them) were native to the northern sector of the Isla
Grande of Tierra del Fuego. They were nomads of the dry land, hunters and
gatherers. The men were strong and muscular, with broad shoulders, very agile,
and tall (1.8 m.); the women were shorter and fatter. They looked like giants
to Ferdinand Magellan when he caught sight of them from his ship in the Strait
in 1520.
They were closely related to the Tehuelches, who lived in Patagonia north of
the Strait of Magellan and had similar language and customs. Along with the Haush, with whom they
had close blood ties, they were the first people to live in the Fuegian
territory. The Haush lived in the southestern part of Tierra del Fuego (Mitre
Peninsula). The earliest contacts
between the Selk'nam and white people were effected by Pedro Sarmiento di
Gamboa, in 1580.
Subsequent contacts were sporadic until the last decade of the 19th century, when the white colonists forced these hunter-nomads into fenced reservations. Many broke through the enclosures and hunted the white settlers’ sheep, which for them were "guanacos chicos" (little llamas), which they ate. There was a genocide, in part brought about by contagious diseases (tuberculosis, measles, etc.). In 1881 the Selk’nams numbered about 4000 – 5000.
Subsequent contacts were sporadic until the last decade of the 19th century, when the white colonists forced these hunter-nomads into fenced reservations. Many broke through the enclosures and hunted the white settlers’ sheep, which for them were "guanacos chicos" (little llamas), which they ate. There was a genocide, in part brought about by contagious diseases (tuberculosis, measles, etc.). In 1881 the Selk’nams numbered about 4000 – 5000.
The fundamental unit of Selk’nam society was the nuclear family (father,
mother, and children), but it also included their kinsmen of the same territory
(haruwenh, from haruwen
= our land, our homeland).
The boundaries of each territory were well defined, and several territories belonged to a "clan" (from 40 to 120 members) that had their own hunting ground. The women were free to marry men from other clans.
Each territory provided for the families’ sustenance and was divided up only in special circumstances like marriages, famine, or celebration of the h'ain, the initiation ceremony for young men (around eighteen years of age), to whom the elders revealed the secrets of the patriarchal order.
The boundaries of each territory were well defined, and several territories belonged to a "clan" (from 40 to 120 members) that had their own hunting ground. The women were free to marry men from other clans.
Each territory provided for the families’ sustenance and was divided up only in special circumstances like marriages, famine, or celebration of the h'ain, the initiation ceremony for young men (around eighteen years of age), to whom the elders revealed the secrets of the patriarchal order.
Il mito della choza del Hain
Gli Selk'nam credevano che in epoche arcaiche le donne reggessero la loro società, comandassero agli uomini la caccia, la costruzione delle capanne, la cura dei bambini. Per mantenere la loro posizione di comando le donne idearono la choza del Hain, proibita agli uomini e ai bambini; in essa passavano la maggior parte dell'anno. Lì si disegnavano il viso, indossavano maschere di corteccia, per mettersi in contatto con spiriti scesi dal cielo o saliti dalla terra, come poi raccontavano agli uomini. Erano questi spiriti che dicevano loro quello che dovevano comandare agli uomini, che sarebbero stati castigati se non avessero eseguito gli ordini. Un giorno gli uomini scoprirono l'inganno, si vendicarono e uccisero quasi tutte le donne.
La donna più potente scappò, raggiunse il firmamento e divenne la Luna (Kreeh). Suo sposo era Krren, il Sole, capo degli uomini. E ancora oggi l'insegue per castigarla senza riuscire a raggiungerla. Da quel momento solo gli uomini erano a conoscenza dei segreti della cerimonia, e la praticavano come le donne.
Nel corso dell'iniziazione ai giovani venivano sottoposti a molte prove, soprattutto di resistenza fisica.
Erano politeisti, credevano che un essere superiore castigasse la cattiveria. Temaukel era un'entità che manteneva ordinato il mondo, anche se la dea che lo aveva creato era Kenos o Quénos.
Che K'aux fosse un personaggio mitologico che vegliasse su ogni membro della tribu', inculcasse loro le leggi, la costruzione di due tipi di kawi o capanne.
Gli adolescenti o Kloketen solo attraverso l'iniziazione entravano a far parte della società; venivano istruiti nella disciplina, condotta e autocontrollo, in tutte le arti e attività necessarie a diventare una persona utile al gruppo d'appartenenza e alla futura loro famiglia.
Per i giovani l'Hain era una scuola; per uomini e donne significava riaffermare l'appartenenza al gruppo e il legame con le tradizioni ancestrali, rafforzare il ruolo degli uomini e delle donne nella vita quotidiana.
Vivevano esposti alle intemperie. Qualsiasi indumento si impregnava di pioggia. Il grasso sulla nuda pelle e il fuoco sempre acceso erano le loro uniche protezioni.
The myth of the choza del Hain
The Selk'nam believed that in ancient times the women ruled their society,
overseeing the men in their hunting, their construction of huts, and the care
of children. To maintain their position of authority the women devised the choza
del Hain, forbidden to men and children; they spent most of the year in it.
There they painted their faces and put on masks made of bark, in order to make
contact with spirits come down from heaven or risen from the earth, as they
told the men. It was these spirits who told them what they should order the men
to do, and if the men did not follow these orders they would be punished. But
one day the men discovered the ruse and in revenge killed nearly all the women.
The most powerful woman escaped, went up to the heavens and became the Moon (Kreeh). Her husband was Krren, the Sun, lord of men. And even today he pursues her to chastise her, but never succeeds in catching her. From that time on only the men were privy to the secrets of the ceremony, and they conducted business just as the women had done.
The most powerful woman escaped, went up to the heavens and became the Moon (Kreeh). Her husband was Krren, the Sun, lord of men. And even today he pursues her to chastise her, but never succeeds in catching her. From that time on only the men were privy to the secrets of the ceremony, and they conducted business just as the women had done.
In the course of their initiation, the youths had to
undergo many tests, above all of physical endurance.
They were polytheistic and believed that wrongdoing would be punished by a higher being. Temaukel was an entity who maintained order in the world, though the goddess Kenos or Quénos had created it.
K'aux was a mythological figure who watched over every member of the tribe and instilled into them knowledge of the laws and of the construction of the two types of kawi o huts. The adolescents, or Kloketen, entered into full participation in society only through initiation; they were instructed in discipline, conduct and self-control, in all the crafts and skills they needed to become adults who would be useful to the group they belonged to and to their future families. For the young people the Hain was a school; for the adult men and women it meant reaffirmation of their belonging to the group and of their bond with ancestral traditions, and reinforcement of the role of men and women in daily life. They lived exposed to the elements. Anything they wore would become soaked with rain. The fat on their bare skin and the ever-burning fire were their only protections.
They were polytheistic and believed that wrongdoing would be punished by a higher being. Temaukel was an entity who maintained order in the world, though the goddess Kenos or Quénos had created it.
K'aux was a mythological figure who watched over every member of the tribe and instilled into them knowledge of the laws and of the construction of the two types of kawi o huts. The adolescents, or Kloketen, entered into full participation in society only through initiation; they were instructed in discipline, conduct and self-control, in all the crafts and skills they needed to become adults who would be useful to the group they belonged to and to their future families. For the young people the Hain was a school; for the adult men and women it meant reaffirmation of their belonging to the group and of their bond with ancestral traditions, and reinforcement of the role of men and women in daily life. They lived exposed to the elements. Anything they wore would become soaked with rain. The fat on their bare skin and the ever-burning fire were their only protections.
LA MISSIONE ANGLICANA A USHUAIA
La Società Misionera de America del Sur era senza fini di lucro, si formò a metà ottocento in Inghilterra
al fine di evangelizzare e educare i popoli indigeni americani. Contrattavano missionari, maestri, carpentieri, disponibili a vivere fra gli indios, e li istruivano perché sapessero adattarsi a questo tipo di vita.
Nel 1882 in Ushuaia funzionava già una Chiesa,un Orfanatrofio, la "Casa Stirling" dove abitavano Thomas Bridges e la sua famiglia, e una de las cabanas, usata dagli Yamana.
L'alto livello di mortalità degli Yamana di Ushuaia, causata da malattie, fece sì che nel 1892 si aprisse una Missione a Tekénika, sull'isola Hoste, poi trasferita (1906) a Rio Douglas, isola Navarrino.
THE ANGLICAN MISSION TO USHUAIA
The Misionera de America del Sur (South American Mission Society) was a nonprofit organization formed in
England in the mid-1800s to evangelize and civilize the indigenous peoples.
They recruited missionaries, teachers and carpenters who were willing to
live among the natives, and taught them how to adapt to this type of life.
In 1882 Ushuaia already had a church, an orphanage, the "Stirling House" where Thomas Bridges and his family lived, and one de las cabanas, used by the Yámana.
The high mortality rate among the Yámana of Ushuaia, resulting from diseases, prompted the opening of a Mission at Tekénika, on Hoste Island, in 1892, which was later (in 1906) moved to Rio Douglas on Navarino Island.
In 1882 Ushuaia already had a church, an orphanage, the "Stirling House" where Thomas Bridges and his family lived, and one de las cabanas, used by the Yámana.
The high mortality rate among the Yámana of Ushuaia, resulting from diseases, prompted the opening of a Mission at Tekénika, on Hoste Island, in 1892, which was later (in 1906) moved to Rio Douglas on Navarino Island.
IL MASSACRO DI WULAIA, 1859
Un anno dopo FitzRoy tornò in Patagonia con il giovane naturalista Charles Darwin. Jemmy, come era stato chiamato uno dei giovani Yamana, rientrò nella sua tribù, e si rifiutò di ripartire per l'Inghilterra.
Nel 1855 un gruppo di missionari della Società Patagonica visitò Wulaia, sull'isola Navarrino, ritrovando Jemmy. Nel 1859 un altro gruppo di missionari fu ucciso a Wulaia, e si suppone che la famiglia Yamana di Jemmy fosse implicata, ma nel 1860 Jemmy visitò Keppel Island e partecipò all'indagine sul massacro, condotta a Stanley, nelle Falkland, ricusando ogni responsabilità.
THE WULAIA MASSACRE, 1859
In 1830 Capt. Robert FitzRoy sailed to Tierra del Fuego from England on
his ship, the Beagle. One of his ships was captured, and the
Captain took four Yaghan hostages, whom he carried off with him on his return
voyage with the idea of using them to establish good relations between the
Indians and the English, to civilize and evangelize them. One died on
the voyage, the other three arrived in Plymouth in October 1830, and were
received by King William IV.
A year later Capt. FitzRoy returned to Patagonia with the young naturalist
Charles Darwin. Jemmy, as one of the young Yámanas was called, rejoined his
tribe and refused to go back to England.
In 1855 a group of missionaries from the Patagonian Mission Society visited
Wulaia, on Navarino Island, and found Jemmy. In 1859 another group of
missionaries was killed at Wulaia, and it was suspected that Jemmy’s Yámana
family was involved; but in 1860 Jemmy went to Keppel Island and took part in
the investigation of the massacre, conducted at Stanley, in the Falklands, and
denied any responsibility.
I plastici del Museo sono dovuti a Danielle Versé, che a venti anni iniziò a lavorare per Disney in USA, poi a Hollywood, e successivamente ha vissuto in Argentina; ora è tornata a Los Angeles, dove lavora come disegnatrice, pittrice, ec.
Gli oggetti in terracotta, presenti nel percorso museale, sono opera dell'artista Perla Maggioni che attualmente ha un suo Atelier a Cinco Saltos, Rio Negro dove realizza opere che espone e vende.
The plastic exhibits at the Museum are by Danielle Versé, who at
the age of twenty began working in the United States for Disney, then went to
Hollywood, and after that lived in Argentina. She is now back in Los Angeles,
where she works as a designer, painter, etc.
The objects in terracotta on view along the Museum trail are the work of artist Perla Maggioni, who currently has a studio at Cinco Saltos, Rio Negro, where she creates, displays and sells her artwork.
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